Rheological properties and structural changes in steamed and boiled abalone meat

ABSTRACT: Changes in tissue structures, rheological properties, and water content of abalone meat were studied in relation to boiling and steaming time. The adductor muscle of abalone Haliotis discus, which was removed directly from the shell, was boiled or steamed for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. When observed under a light microscope and by scanning electron microscopy, structural changes in the myofibrils were greatest in the boiled abalone meat compared with the steamed meat. When heating time was increased from 1 h to 3 h, the instantaneous modulus E ₀ of boiled abalone meat decreased gradually with increased heating time, whereas the E ₀ of steamed abalone meat was reduced when heated for 2 h. When heated for 1 h, the relaxation time of steamed abalone meat was much longer than that of boiled meat. There were no significant changes in the relaxation time of abalone meat among the different boiling times, but the relaxation time of steamed abalone meat was reduced gradually with increasing heating times. The study's results confirmed that the difference in rheological properties between the boiled and steamed meats was due mainly to the denaturation level of myofibrils when heated for 1 h, as well as due to the changes in water and solid content and the manner in which the inner water was exchanged after heating time was increased from 1 h to 3 h.     

稻谷堆弹性模量的实验测定与研究

利用TSZ-6A型应变控制式三轴仪进行三轴实验,测定围压分别为50 kPa、100 kPa、150 kPa、200 kPa时,稻谷堆（水分为11.89%w.b,13.55%w.b,15.73%w.b,17.62%w.b）的弹性模量,同时研究围压和水分与稻谷堆弹性模量的关系。实验结果表明：对于水分范围为11.89%~17.62%w.b的稻谷堆,在围压为50 kPa~200kPa的范围内,其弹性模量范围为8.69 MPa~37.07 MPa。根据围压与稻谷堆弹性模量的关系可以拟合得到方程：y=Ax＋B,其中,A、B为与水分有关的参数。在相同水分条件下,稻谷堆的弹性模量随着围压的增大而增大;在相同围压条件下,稻谷堆的弹性模量与水分没有显著的相关性。     

标桩法监测广东省人为侵蚀模数研究初报

通过标桩法开展了广东省4种典型的开发建设项目类型一个降雨周年侵蚀模数的实测,所监测到的侵蚀模数可供水土保持方案编制单位在编制水土保持方案时参考和借鉴,以期切实提高水土保持方案的编制质量和水平。     

含水率对小麦粮堆弹塑性力学特性的影响

不同地区粮仓中粮堆的含水率会有较大的差异,为了明确含水率对粮仓设计参数的影响,通过三轴试验研究了含水率对小麦粮堆非线性强度、临界状态和模量等的影响规律。结果表明:不同含水率下小麦粮堆的峰值强度和残余强度符合非线性强度指标的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则;参考压力(100kPa)下峰值内摩擦角和残余内摩擦角随着含水率的增大呈线性增大,含水率每增加1%,峰值内摩擦角和残余内摩擦角分别增大0.22°和0.30°。小麦粮堆的临界状态特性符合剑桥弹塑性理论,偏应力随着平均法向应力的增大呈线性增大;峰值应力比和临界状态应力比随着含水率的增大呈线性增大;含水率每增加1%时,峰值应力比和临界状态应力比分别增大0.012和0.014。不同含水率下初始模量、割线模量与围压间可采用幂函数模型表示;参考压力下初始模量和割线模量均随着含水率的增大呈线性降低;含水率每增加1%,初始模量和割线模量分别降低0.98和0.25 MPa。     

基于GIS的喀斯特流域土壤侵蚀模数估算——以贵阳麦西河流域为例

水土流失是喀斯特流域主要的生态问题,通过收集贵阳市麦西河流域气象、土地利用、土壤等数据,利用3S的技术方法建立流域土壤侵蚀空间数据库,应用USLE模型构建流域土壤侵蚀评价模型,运用GIS的空间数据处理方法,实现对麦西河流域土壤侵蚀模数的估算。结果表明：麦西河流域年均土壤侵蚀速率为1 230.81t/（hm2.a）,侵蚀强度类型以微度和轻度为主;中度以上侵蚀类型主要发生在坡度大于25°,植被覆盖较差的山体位置,尤其是旱地类型;从子流域上看麦乃7号子流域土壤流失较为严重。     

模拟降雨条件下碱性坡地土壤侵蚀试验

 采用室内人工降丨射模拟试验,研究降雨强度为50 mm/h时不问坡度（5°、15°、25°)和不同土壤（土壤的可交换钠比例ESP值分别为2.4和25)对土壤人渗率和侵蚀缺的影响。结果表明：1)不问坡度和不同土壤的径流模数随降雨历时急剧增加,后于平稳,人渗率和侵蚀产沙量随降雨历时急剧减小,趋于某一稳定值;2) 土壤ESP值水平一定时,入渗率和累计人渗量都随着坡度的增大而增加,侵蚀产沙坩随笤坡度的增大先增加后减小,在15° -25°之间存在着侵蚀的临界坡度;3)坡度一定时,径流模数随着 ESP值的增加而增加,稳定人渗率和累计人渗量随卷ESP值的增加而减小;4) 土壤的ESP值水平对侵蚀产沙量的影响随坡度不同而不同,坡度为5°和15°时,同一坡度的侵蚀产沙量随ESP值的加大而减小,当坡度为25°时,核蚀产沙量随ESP值的加大而增大,说明坡度较大时,土壤ESP值的增大更容易引起土壤侵蚀。     

Transpiration,photosynthetic responses,tissue water relations and dry mass partitioning in Callistemon plants during drought conditions

Callistemon is an Australian species used as ornamental plant in Mediterranean regions. The objective of this research was to analyse the ability of Callistemon to overcome water deficit in terms of adjusting its physiology and morphology. Potted Callistemon laevis Anon plants were grown in controlled environment and subjected to drought stress by reducing irrigation water by 40% compared to the control (irrigated to container capacity). The drought stress produced the smallest plants throughout the experiment. After three months of drought, the leaf area, number of leaves and root volume decreased, while root/shoot ratio and root density increased. The higher root hydraulic resistance in stressed plants caused decreases in leaf and stem water potentials resulting in lower stomatal conductance and indicating that water flow through the roots is a factor that strongly influences shoot water relations. The water stress affected transpiration (63% reduction compared with the control). The consistent decrease in g_s suggested an adaptative efficient stomatal control of transpiration by this species, resulting in a higher intrinsic water use efficiency (P_n/g_s) in drought conditions, increasing as the experimental time progressed. This was accompanied by an improvement in water use efficiency of production to maintain the leaf water status. In addition, water stress induced an active osmotic adjustment and led to decreases in leaf tissue elasticity in order to maintain turgor. Therefore, the water deficit produced changes in plant water relations, gas exchange and growth in an adaptation process which could promote the faster establishment of this species in gardens or landscaping projects in Mediterranean conditions.     

模和拟共形映照

本文研究了模和拟共形映照，得到了一个同胚为拟共形映照的若干条件。     

Effects of liquid crystal/PU composite substrate on osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs

AIM: To explore the effect of the elastic modulus and sizes of liquid crystal (LC) phases on osteogenic differentiation based on OPC/PU composite substrate by mimicking the microenvironment in rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). METHODS: A series of composite substrates with different elastic modulus were constructed via modulation of LC content in the composites. The surface phase structure was observed by polarized microscopy, and the mechanical property was measured by a universal material testing machine. Furthermore, the laser confocal microscope was employed to observe the spreading, polarization and the cytoskeleton arrangement of the rBMSCs. The proliferation of rBMSCs was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. The specific mRNA expression of osteogenic differentiation such as collagen Ⅰ, and osteopontin on the composite membranes was detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The size and number of LC phase increased and the elastic modulus of the composite substrates decreased with the increase of the LC content. The rBMSCs exhibited better characteristics of initial adhesion, spreading and proliferation on the OPC10-PU and OPC30-PU in the early and medium culturing. The rBMSCs displayed higher expression of collagen Ⅰ and osteopontin on the OPC10-PU in the early and medium osteogenic induction, while the high expression of these osteogenic genes occured on the OPC30-PU and OPC50-PU in later osteogenic induction. The emphasis of genetic expression was switched from collagen Ⅰ in the early and medium osteogenic induction to osteopontin in the later stage. CONCLUSION: When the content of LC remained low in the composite substrates, rBMSCs mainly responded to the mechanical stimuli induced by substrate stiffness and exhibited distinguished cellular behaviors; with the increase in the LC content, rBMSCs had strong interactions with LC by sensing the viscoelasticity of LC, probably resulted from the contribution of both substrate stiffness and the viscoelasticity of LC phase.     

厚截面复合材料局域孔隙超声检测方法

采用超声脉冲反射法对厚截面复合材料局域孔隙缺陷进行检测,提取超声背散射信号进行分析。结果表明,在材料近表面区域可能产生共振结构噪声,孔隙会导致结构噪声频率降低、幅值减小;在远表面区域的背散射信号恢复正常状态,孔隙则会导致较小幅值回波的出现。在此基础上提出了基于背散射信号处理的局域孔隙识别方法。对近表面信号使用改进S变换生成时频系数矩阵,再计算信号主频极小值及增益来识别孔隙。对远表面信号则先进行小波变换模极大值去噪,再使用改进S变换生成时频系数矩阵,最后计算信号主频极大值及增益来识别孔隙。对厚截面复合材料平板和曲面试块的实验表明,使用该信号处理方法可以有效识别厚截面复合材料局域孔隙缺陷。